The antibiotic resistance caused by misuse of the consequences has become a public health problem. It is urgent to remove these antibiotics before they enter into water cycling system. FeOOH, a functional material with great development potential, requires further development in the treatment of antibiotic wastewater. Graphene oxide (GO) has been widely employed in wastewater treatment due to its unique physical and chemical properties and has achieved certain effects. In this work, polyoxyl lauryl ether (Brij30) was employed to modify the surface of β-FeOOH, and Brij30/β-FeOOH/GO was prepared via hydrothermal method. The composition and microstructures of the as-prepared samples were studied by X-ray powder diffractometer, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, infrared spectrometer and Zeta potential. In order to determine the optimum adsorption conditions, the adsorption performance was explored on account of the adsorbent dosage, pH value and coexisting ions. And the adsorption mechanism of tetracycline hydrochloride was investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that structure-controlled tetracycline hydrochloride adsorption. The optimal adsorption conditions were observed at adsorbent of 0.01 g, solution pH of 5, adsorption time of 10 h, initial concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride of 40 mg/L. And the adsorption capacity of tetracycline hydrochloride reached up to 65.97 mg/g. The experimental results of adsorption thermal kinetics indicated that the adsorption behavior conform to the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm model, its belonged to the multilayer molecular layer adsorption, which was the coexistence of chemical adsorption. The adsorption mechanism of tetracycline hydrochloride was driven by electrostatic interactions between tetracycline hydrochloride and unsaturated Fe sites. The π-π interactions (tetracycline hydrochloride benzene ring and the β-FeOOH's ligand) and pore fillings play an important role in the removal of tetracycline hydrochloride. The results obtained will help to understand surface interactions between Brij30/β-FeOOH/GO and tetracycline hydrochloride and fabricate efficient β-FeOOH-based adsorbents in environment purification.