Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has the characteristics of large specific surface area, rich pore structure, stable properties, low manufacturing cost and nontoxicity. It can be used as an adsorbent and photocatalyst to adsorb and treat wastewater containing heavy metals, organic dyes and other pollutants. In this work, the influencing factors in the process of TiO2 adsorption to common organic dyes in wastewater is comprehensively analyzed, the influence of different influencing factors on the adsorption effect is summarized, and the effects of composite modification, doping modification and organic solution modification on the dye adsorption performance of TiO2 are discussed. The literature indicates that modification methods play an important role in enriching the pore structure of TiO2, increasing the specific surface area of the TiO2 based adsorption materials and the active sites on the surface, followed by improving its adsorption performance. The analysis of adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics data exhibits that the kinetics of TiO2 in the process of adsorbing organic dyes in wastewater mainly follows the pseudo-secondary kinetic model, and the thermodynamics accords with the Langmuir model monolayer adsorption or the Freundlich model. Its adsorption mechanism mainly includes electrostatic attraction, the interaction of n-π stacking and hydrogen bonding, and so on. The TiO2 system is used as an adsorbent to adsorb and treat dye molecules in wastewater, it has the advantages of high efficiency, environmental protection, and low production cost. It can play a vital role in the field of wastewater treatment in the future and can be studied as a green material with broad application prospects.