During China's 14th five-year plan period, the national natural gas pipeline network has been interconnected, and the gas quality became more complex. A certain amount of dust particles widely spread in the natural gas pipeline, and led to abnormal wear of the reciprocating compressor's cylinder in the underground storage cavern. Based on the SIEM (Shear Impact Energy Model), combined with field measurement and moving-grid method of computational fluid dynamics, the wear characteristics of the compression cylinder are well demonstrated. The results show that the lubricating oil is mixed with dust particles to form grinding paste. With the increase of particle mass concentration from 0.01% to 3.00%, the viscosity of grinding paste increases from 4.51×105 mPa?s to 1.27×106 mPa?s, and the density increases from 890 kg/m3 to 980 kg/m3. The abnormal wear often occurs at 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock of the compression cylinder. When the piston is in the midpoint of the stroke, the wall shear rate as well as the wear rate are the highest. When the piston is in the two end points of the stroke, the wall shear rate as well as the wear rate are the slightest. For every 1000 hours of operation without repairing the cylinder, the particle mass concentration should be controlled below 0.60%. For every 5000 hours and 10 000 hours of operation without replacing the cylinder, and the particle mass concentration should be controlled below 1.30% and 0.40% respectively. When the particle mass concentration is 0.01%, the wear rate decreases with the decrease of lubricating oil viscosity. When the particle mass concentrations are 0.51% and 1.00%, the lubricating oil viscosities are 2.59×105, 2.21×105 and 1.97×105 mPa?s, the calculated wear rate increases sharply with decrease of lubricating oil viscosity.