The deposition morphology of particles on filter material is critical to filter performance and the dust-cleaning frequency of dust collectors. A set of experimental systems were built in this study to deeply understand the deposition law of particles on the surface of PTFE filter material. This experiment compared the effects of filtration time, dust concentration, filtration velocity, especially moisture content on the deposition quality per unit area of particles and the average thickness of the dust cake, explored the applicability of the two deposition rates of particles, and adhesion efficiency of high moisture particles then deduced the thickness distribution model of dust cake with different moisture content. The force model between particles was derived to discuss the motion of particles. The self-gravity of subsequently deposited particles exerted pressure on previously deposited particles, the gravity of the upper dust layer, the drag force of the airflow on the particles, and the adhesion force between the particles jointly determined the movement trend of the particles. The experimental results showed that the deposition quality per unit area of high moisture dust was significantly lower than dry dust. When dust moisture content increased, the average thickness and deposition quality per unit area of dust cake was reduced and then increased. The deposition of high moisture dust was affected by adhesion force between particles, and the mass deposition rate and adhesion efficiency were the lowest when the moisture content of dust was 10%. The uniformity of dust cake was lower than dry dust cake when the moisture content was 9% and 13%. Once the adhesion force between high moisture particles can resist the compression effect of upper gravity, the particles were not easy to slide, and the structure of the dust cake was uniform. The uniformity was stable when the moisture content was 10%~12%, and the optimal moisture content was 10%.