The production of petrochemical-based materials consumes large amounts of non-renewable resources and cause a certain degree of pollution to the environment. The performance of bio-based materials produced by renewable resources can be comparable to that of petrochemical based materials, which is in line with the development concept of green, low-carbon and environmental protection, and provides strong technical support for the realization of the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In recent years, with the domestic and international policies tilted to the bio-based materials industry, bio-based materials have become a new material for domestic and international development, providing a good opportunity for the development of bio-based materials industry. The core monomer of bio-based materials produced by biological method has the advantages of mild production conditions, low price, and green environmental protection. But the complex composition within the fermentation broth as well as the low concentration of monomers and the difficulty of separation have seriously restricted the development of the whole industry of bio-based materials. The production of bio-based materials requires high-purity monomers, and a small amount of impurities affect the appearance and performance of bio-based materials. The existing research and application of separation of core monomers of bio-based materials has developed the process of obtaining high purity separation and purification of core monomers of bio-based materials by taking full advantage of chemical separation technology. This review briefly introduces the current status of the production of bio-based materials, reviews the research progress of several widely used separation and purification technologies for core monomers of bio-based materials in recent years, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of current separation technologies. Finally providing an outlook on the development trend of separation and purification technologies for core monomers of bio-based materials.