With the rapid development of the livestock and poultry farming industry in China, the disposal and resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste have attracted widespread attention. To maximize the recovery of phosphorus from this waste, this study focuses on fresh cow manure, which is rich in phosphorus, and proposes a novel pathway for phosphorus recovery. By examining the effects of different manure concentrations, anaerobic fermentation durations, and initial pH values on phosphorus release during the anaerobic fermentation of fresh cow manure, the study found that optimal conditions for phosphorus release were achieved with a manure concentration of 180 g/L, an anaerobic fermentation period of 14 days, and the initial pH of 7, resulting in a phosphorus release of 156.57 mg/L. To recover phosphorus from the supernatant of anaerobically fermented cow manure, Fe2+ salts were added to induce the vivianite crystallization. L9(34) orthogonal experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, pH, and Fe/P ratio on the phosphorus recovery rate. The results showed that the factors affecting phosphorus recovery efficiency in order of significance, were the initial pH value, reaction temperature, and Fe/P ratio. The optimal for the process were found to be a reaction temperature of 35℃, a pH of 7, and a Fe/P ratio of 1.9. Under these conditions, the highest phosphorus recovery rate of 84.20% was achieved, and the purity of vivianite was 25%. The recovered products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. An improved sequential phosphorus extraction method was employed to determine the abundance of vivianite in the recovered products. The research provides a valuable reference for the synthesis of high-value vivianite, based on the effective extraction of phosphorus from fresh cow manure.