The morphological evolution and migration dynamics of discrete bubbles in variable diameter pipelines have not been clearly analyzed. The deformation dynamics behavior of discrete bubbles in a variable diameter circular tube is an important theory to guide the transport and separation of gas-liquid two-phase mixture. Therefore, high-speed camera technology, combined with numerical simulation, is used to explore the migration and fragmentation mechanism of discrete bubbles in variable diameter pipes. For the structure of a variable diameter circular pipe, a study on the migration behaviors of discrete bubbles in the variable diameter field is conducted under different Reynolds numbers and bubble sizes. The flow pattern, velocity field and bubble deformation characteristics within the variable diameter circular pipe at various inlet Reynolds numbers are analyzed. The aim is to explore the interaction patterns between the flow field characteristics and discrete bubbles and provide theoretical support for revealing the motion and deformation mechanism of discrete bubbles in variable cross-section field. The results indicate that the surrounding fluid velocity is altered by bubbles. The velocity gradients are increased, and the turbulence kinetic energy in the surrounding flow field is elevated. At the same time, the dramatic change of turbulent kinetic energy in the sudden expansion section leads to the rapid deformation or even fragmentation of discrete bubbles in the variable diameter circular tube field. Additionally, as the inlet Reynolds number increases, the fragmentation position of bubbles in the flow field tends to approach the sudden expansion section. When Re=5.16×103, the shortest bubble fragmentation distance is 16.09 mm. When the Reynolds number is constant, as the bubble radius increases from 2.5 mm to 4.5 mm, the dimensionless maximum deformation of the bubble is increased from 0.26 to 0.67. The numerical simulation results demonstrate good agreement with experimental findings.