As a hydrogen metallurgy technology, hydrogen based shaft furnaces have great potential for emission reduction. In response to the temperature field distribution and thermal stress generation in the solid domain of hydrogen based shaft furnaces, this study takes a hydrogen based shaft furnace in a steel plant as the research object. Based on the steady-state thermal and static structure theory, a thermal stress coupling model is established to simulate the heat transfer and thermal stress generation process inside the hydrogen based shaft furnace under different furnace and external temperature conditions. Based on this, the influence of internal and external temperatures on the temperature and thermal stress inside the shaft furnace is studied. The results show that the maximum stress of the furnace shell and refractory material 1 can reach 6150 and 881 MPa respectively, and the internal and external temperatures have a significant impact on the stability of the internal thermal environment and furnace structure of the shaft furnace. The increase in furnace temperature significantly increases the temperature gradient between refractory materials and increases their peak thermal stress. When the furnace temperature is between 800~900℃, the maximum stress increase reaches 93 MPa, and the deformation increase reaches 3.34 mm. The increase in external temperature can reduce the temperature gradient inside and outside, thereby reducing the thermal stress and deformation of internal refractory materials, and reducing the magnitude of stress inside the furnace shell. This study adopts the method of establishing paths at specific locations to visually display the temperature and stress field distributions under different temperature conditions, providing reference for optimizing the stacking method of furnace body materials and structure design of hydrogen based shaft furnaces.