The accelerated global transition toward renewable energy structures has precipitated a surge in photovoltaic module installations, intensifying environmental governance pressures associated with decommissioned crystalline silicon modules. This review systematically examines resource recovery technology systems and policy pathways for end-of-life crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules, with a focused emphasis on the efficient reclamation of valuable metals and the construction of circular economy models. By analyzing the energy efficiency of three main recycling technologies—mechanical, thermal, and chemical treatment, this work reveals their economic and technical limits. Mechanical processes, like high-voltage pulse crushing, can concentrate metals, but their efficiency is constrained by material separation rates. Thermal treatment (400~600℃) can recover high-purity materials (glass purity>98.5%), but it faces challenges of high energy consumption and the treatment of fluorine-containing exhaust gases. Chemical treatment (e.g., using a toluene solvent system) offers significant advantages in achieving high purity (>99%) in silicon wafer recycling, but it poses risks of secondary pollution and cost concerns. This work also explores the recovery of valuable metals from end-of-life crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules, outlining the challenges and prospects in this area.