Vanadium mud is a kind of solid waste produced in the process of vanadium leach solution decontamination, which has a high recovery value. In this study, to address the problem that vanadium mud is difficult to be utilized in large quantities, vanadium is extracted from vanadium mud by alkaline leaching of vanadium mud. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and NaOH concentration on vanadium extraction were investigated. The best conditions were found to be: 90℃, 2 hours, 20wt% NaOH, liquid to solid ratio of 2∶1. Under these conditions, the leaching rate of vanadium reached 99.23%, and the V2O5 content in tailings was only 0.48wt%. On the basis of alkaline leaching of vanadium from vanadium mud, the extracting vanadium from vanadium mud and vanadium slag by alkaline leaching was studied based on the existing process of extracting vanadium from vanadium slag by oxygen-enriched alkaline leaching. Under the optimized conditions, the vanadium content in the mixed slag was 0.68wt%, the leaching rate of vanadium from vanadium mud was 92.40%, and the vanadium extraction effect from the vanadium slag was improved by about 6 percentage points. The optimal conditions for the oxygen-enriched alkaline synergistic leaching process were a temperature of 150℃ and an oxygen pressure of 0.5 MPa.The leaching slurry was diluted to NaOH concentration of 25wt%, with adding the initial vanadium slag quality of 10wt% of the vanadium mud, leaching temperature of 90℃, leaching time of 1 h. Finally, the mechanism behind collaborative vanadium extraction was investigated during the extraction process. It was clear that the addition of vanadium mud can change the silicon phase to promote the efficient extraction of vanadium from vanadium slag. The method can realize the efficient synergistic extraction of vanadium from svanadium mud and vanadium slag.