In the context of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality", carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology is becoming increasingly important. The study of CO2 separation has attracted high-profile as it is the key link in the CCUS process. Among various separation methods, the membrane separation technology stands out with its advantages of low energy and continuous operation. This work reviews the current research status of various CO2 separation membranes for membrane-based carbon capture both domestically and overseas. It emphatically introduces the research progress regarding the CO2 gas permeation and separation performance, as well as the optimized preparation methods, of mixed matrix membrane. The CO2 permeance of most mixed matrix membranes ranges from 0 to 1000 Barrer, and the CO2/N2 separation coefficient is between 20 and 120. In addition, it is proposed that the preparation method of mixed matrix membrane can be optimized by using modified crystalline porous fillers or directly adopting amorphous porous fillers, thereby improving the compatibility between polymer substrates and porous fillers. Meanwhile, from the perspective of the actual needs of subsequent industrial applications, this review analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various CO2 separation membrane modules, and proposes that the spiral-wound membrane module is the most suitable for the field of membrane-based carbon capture. Mixed matrix membrane exhibit excellent mechanical and thermal stability, outstanding resistance to plasticization, and excellent CO2 permeation and separation performance. Therefore, they have the greatest potential to be fabricated into spiral-wound membrane modules and applied in the field of membrane-based carbon capture in the future. Additionally, it can be concluded that with the current performance of mixed matrix membrane and suitable capture process conditions (e.g., the addition of purge gas), the CO2 capture cost can be controlled within 23 USD/t CO2. From this perspective, the application of mixed matrix membranes in membrane-based carbon capture technology is considered feasible. This work aims to provide guidance for the widespread application of CO2 membrane separation in CCUS technology as soon as possible.