Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have emerged as a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage systems due to their inherent advantages, including high safety, cost-effectiveness, environmental compatibility, and relatively high energy density. However, the practical application of AZIBs is hindered by several challenges associated with zinc anodes, such as uncontrolled dendrite formation, corrosion, and hydrogen evolution reactions during cycling, which significantly degrade battery performance and lifespan. To address these issues, researchers have explored various modification strategies, among which the application of two-dimensional (2D) materials has gained considerable attention. Two-dimensional materials, characterized by their atomic-level thickness, large specific surface area, abundant active sites, superior mechanical strength, and unique electrochemical properties, exhibit great potential in optimizing zinc anodes. Notably, graphene and two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have been widely investigated due to their excellent conductivity, structural stability, and tunable surface chemistry. This review systematically summarizes the recent advancements in 2D material-based modification strategies for zinc anodes, focusing on protective layer construction, host material design, electrolyte additives, and separator functionalization. These approaches effectively enhance zinc deposition uniformity, suppress side reactions, and improve anode reversibility. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects of 2D materials in AZIBs are discussed, providing insights for the development of high-performance zinc-based energy storage systems.