Abstract: Noble-metal nanoparticles have a substantial impact across a diverse range of fields, owe to their unique physical properties. Silver nanoparticles are potentially applied in the fields of optics, biology and catalysis, which resulted in an intensive investigation on the materials recently. The size, shape and distribution of silver nanoparticles have great impacts on the chemical and physical property of this materials. Silver dendrites demonstrate the excellent surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Silver catalysts with different morphology have different selectivity because different morphologies have different facets exposed. Therefore, rational synthesis of silver nanoparticles with specific morphologies and structures has been an essential issue in nanomaterials science. Developments of synthesis of silver nanoparticles and understanding of the fundamental principles of bottom-up growth mechanisms are necessary to be summarized. In this work, the recently-developed methods to synthesize silver particles with controllable morphologies were summarized, which included solution reduction method, seed-mediated crystallization method, biosynthesis method, light reduction method, kinetics method based on reaction-diffusion control, and templating method. These methods were compared and their mechanism were also discussed. Basically, these approaches were mainly based on bottom-up synthesis. Controlling the kinetics and thermodynamics parameters in process of nucleation and crystal growth was the basic issue in synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Qualification of reaction and diffusion in the process of synthesis provided a new view on controlling and regulating the structures and shapes of silver nanoparticles. The diffusion and reaction method was highlighted and its advantages and generality were pointed out. The other additional physics energy methods were simply reviewed. Then, the dependence of physical and chemical properties of silver particles on their morphologies were analyzed. Their applications in the antibacterial, Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) fluorescence, molecular diagnosis, and catalysis were reviewed. Finally, the challenges of rational synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their potential industrial application were prospected.

Key words: Silver nanoparticles, Nanotechnology, Morphologies, Synthesis, Applications.

摘要： 银纳米材料具有独特的物理性质，在光学、生物和催化等领域应用潜力巨大，是近年来材料领域的研究热点。银纳米材料的很多性能与其形貌密切相关，如枝状银纳米颗粒局部表面等离子体共振较强，不同形貌的银纳米颗粒裸露不同的晶面，导致其催化选择性不同。因此，控制合成特定形貌和结构的银纳米颗粒一直是该领域的重要研究方向。本工作综述了近年来银纳米颗粒形貌可控的合成方法，包括溶液还原法、晶种法、生物合成法、光诱导法、反应-扩散调控的动力学法和模板法等，比较了不同方法的优缺点，分析了不同合成方法的机理。重点介绍了基于反应和扩散调控的动力学方法，总结了其优点和普适性。调研了不同形貌银纳米颗粒在抑菌、局部等离子体共振和催化等领域的应用研究，分析了不同形貌银纳米颗粒的工业化应用前景，并对银纳米形貌的可控合成和应用进行了展望。

关键词: 银颗粒, 纳米, 形貌, 合成, 应用.