通过一步合成法制备了阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫，自主搭建保温材料火蔓延实验台，采用中小尺寸实验对比研究了阻燃及非阻燃硬质聚氨酯的垂直火蔓延特性，分析了火焰结构特性、火蔓延速度、火焰温度、质量损失速率等参数的变化规律。结果表明，火蔓延过程中，材料表面均出现了炭化现象，垂直双面燃烧过程中聚氨酯纯样RPUF燃烧最剧烈，阻燃剂膨胀石墨(EG)、次磷酸铝(AHP)和二乙基次膦酸铝(ADP)的加入，抑制了材料的燃烧和蔓延，使材料燃烧的火蔓延速度、质量损失速率及温度等参数都相应降低。RPUF/AHP5垂直双面火蔓延过程中，火焰稳定性差，在20 s后出现熄灭现象，原因是阻燃剂次磷酸铝(RPUF/AHP5)受热挥发出难燃气体。AHP降解后形成的含磷化合物可促进聚氨酯分子链成炭，导致产生熄灭现象。而RPUF/ADP5火蔓延过程中，同样出现了熄灭现象，其熄灭的程度低于阻燃剂次磷酸铝(RPUF/AHP5)试样。RPUF/EG5火蔓延过程中试样表面温度存在两个峰值，由于RPUF/EG5燃烧生成的炭层不稳定所致。当温度高于400℃时炭层被迅速氧化，热量穿透炭层使内部未燃样品热解，生成温度的第二个峰值。

Based on the frequent occurrence of fire accidents on insulation materials rigid polyurethane (RPUF), which can cause great economic loss and casualties, RPUF was prepared by one-step water-blown method and hope to reduce the fire hazards in reality. A small and medium-scale insulation flame spread experimental platform was built, which was used to reveal the flame spread characteristics over RPUF and flame retardant RPUF. The flame structure, flame spread speed, flame temperature and mass loss rate etc. characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that the surface of all the samples was charred during flame spread. The non-flame retardant RPUF showed the largest combustion intensity, while the flame retardant expanded graphite (EG), aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) and aluminum diethylhypophosphite (ADP) resisted the flame spread in some degree, respectively, which was shown in the reduced flame spread speed, mass loss rate, and flame temperature parameters etc. It was also found that RPUF/AHP5 flame spread could sustain a period, while after 20 s the extinguishment was formed. It was because that, the flame retardant RPUF/AHP5 released non-combustion gas when heated, and AHP decomposed into the phosphorus-containing compound, which promoted the formation of charcoal in the polyurethane molecular chain. At the same time, flame retardant RPUF/ADP5 samples distinguished during flame spread, however, the distinguish degree was lower than that of flame retardant RPUF/AHP5. Meanwhile, the surface temperature had two peaks during the flame spread over RPUF/EG5, which were attributed to the instability of the char layer. When the temperature was higher than 400℃, the char layer was oxidized immediately and the heat penetrated the char layer, and unburned material continued to pyrolysis, therefore, the second temperature peak was formed.