污水处理行业快速发展，各种治理技术层出不穷，在很大程度上解决了环境污染问题，但也不可避免地会造成环境影响。在“双碳”背景下，为选择更高效的污水处理技术，各种评价方法相继在污水处理行业中应用。本综述总结了城镇污水处理过程中应用较为广泛的评价研究现状，主要关注基于生命周期评价的环境影响评价，其中重点关注环境富营养化、全球变暖潜力等方面的影响；经济评价中通过对成本分析可发现在处理过程中能源成本很重要，由利润分析可发现回收利用沼气可以提高利润；此外，碳足迹和有机物毒性计算也逐渐成为研究重点。基于以上内容提出了“5E”评价系统，可切实解决城镇污水处理过程多角度综合评价问题，为行业可持续发展、“双碳”目标的实现提供支撑。

With the rapid development of the wastewater treatment industry, various treatment technologies emerge in endlessly, which have largely solved the pollution problem and caused environmental impacts. In order to select more efficient wastewater treatment technologies, various evaluation methods have been applied in the wastewater treatment industry under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. This review summarizes the current research situation of environmental and economic impact evaluation which are widely used in urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and proposes the "5E" assessment system based on the existing research. At present, the assessment system mainly focuses on the environmental impact assessment based on life cycle assessment, focusing on the impact of eutrophication potential, global warming potential, and energy consumption on traditional and unconventional wastewater treatment technologies in WWTP. Economic evaluation is mainly divided into cost and benefit evaluation. Through the analysis of cost and profit in economic evaluation, the energy cost is very important in each treatment process, where the recovery and utilization of biogas can effectively improve the profit. In addition, carbon footprint assessment and organic contaminants toxicity evaluation have gradually become the research hotspot. In each part of this article, the evaluation of technology in wastewater treatment process is mentioned. At last, the "5E" assessment system (i. e., comprehensive environmental impact assessment, economic evaluation, carbon footprint evaluation, organic contaminants toxicity evaluation, and technology evaluation) is proposed to effectively solve the multi-objective comprehensive assessment problem of the urban WWTP. This research can support the sustainable development of the wastewater treatment industry and the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization targets.